How to Develop Temporary Ordered Routing Projects Using NS3

To develop the Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) Projects includes the NS3. The Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) is an adaptive, distributed routing protocol pattern for highly changed the mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). It is term on link reversal model and assures the loop-free on multi-path routing.

Steps to Develop Temporary Ordered Routing Projects Using NS3

1. Install NS3

We have enabled the tool NS3 is installed before proceeding:

sudo apt update

sudo apt install git g++ python3 cmake make

git clone

cd ns-3-dev

./ns3 configure –enable-examples –enable-tests

./ns3 build

2. Define Network Topology for TORA

We employ the TORA; we generate the mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) and support the TORA routing.

Example: Implementing TORA in NS3

#include “ns3/core-module.h”

#include “ns3/network-module.h”

#include “ns3/internet-module.h”

#include “ns3/mobility-module.h”

#include “ns3/yans-wifi-helper.h”

#include “ns3/tora-helper.h”

#include “ns3/applications-module.h”

using namespace ns3;

NS_LOG_COMPONENT_DEFINE(“TORARoutingExample”);

int main(int argc, char *argv[])

{

uint32_t numNodes = 10;

double simulationTime = 10.0;

CommandLine cmd;

cmd.AddValue(“numNodes”, “Number of nodes in the network”, numNodes);

cmd.Parse(argc, argv);

NodeContainer nodes;

nodes.Create(numNodes);

// Set up mobility model (Random Waypoint)

MobilityHelper mobility;

mobility.SetPositionAllocator(“ns3::RandomRectanglePositionAllocator”,

“X”, StringValue(“ns3::UniformRandomVariable[Min=0.0|Max=100.0]”),

“Y”, StringValue(“ns3::UniformRandomVariable[Min=0.0|Max=100.0]”));

mobility.SetMobilityModel(“ns3::RandomWaypointMobilityModel”,

“Speed”, StringValue(“ns3::UniformRandomVariable[Min=5.0|Max=10.0]”),

“Pause”, StringValue(“ns3::ConstantRandomVariable[Constant=2.0]”));

mobility.Install(nodes);

// Set up WiFi communication

WifiHelper wifi;

YansWifiPhyHelper wifiPhy = YansWifiPhyHelper::Default();

YansWifiChannelHelper wifiChannel = YansWifiChannelHelper::Default();

wifiPhy.SetChannel(wifiChannel.Create());

WifiMacHelper wifiMac;

wifiMac.SetType(“ns3::AdhocWifiMac”);

NetDeviceContainer devices = wifi.Install(wifiPhy, wifiMac, nodes);

// Install Internet stack and enable TORA routing

InternetStackHelper internet;

ToraHelper tora;

internet.SetRoutingHelper(tora);

internet.Install(nodes);

// Assign IP Addresses

Ipv4AddressHelper address;

address.SetBase(“10.1.1.0”, “255.255.255.0”);

address.Assign(devices);

// Set up UDP traffic

uint16_t port = 8080;

UdpServerHelper server(port);

ApplicationContainer serverApp = server.Install(nodes.Get(numNodes – 1)); // Last node as destination

serverApp.Start(Seconds(1.0));

serverApp.Stop(Seconds(simulationTime));

UdpClientHelper client(Ipv4Address(“10.1.1.10”), port);

client.SetAttribute(“MaxPackets”, UintegerValue(1000));

client.SetAttribute(“Interval”, TimeValue(Seconds(0.1)));

client.SetAttribute(“PacketSize”, UintegerValue(1024));

ApplicationContainer clientApp = client.Install(nodes.Get(0)); // First node as source

clientApp.Start(Seconds(2.0));

clientApp.Stop(Seconds(simulationTime));

Simulator::Stop(Seconds(simulationTime));

Simulator::Run();

Simulator::Destroy();

return 0;

}

3. Explanation of the Code

• Network Setting the TORA
  • 10 mobile nodes by Random Waypoint Mobility Model.
  • WiFi Ad-Hoc network to allow the wireless communication.
• TORA Routing
  • Exploits the connection reversal method for adaptive routing.
  • For encourage the multi-path routing in highly dynamic surroundings.
• Traffic Generation
  • UDP congestion is forwarding from Node 0 to Node 9.

4. Run the Simulation

Compile and implement the process for TORA:

./ns3 run tora-routing

5. Performance Analysis

We study the performance of parameter metrices such as Throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), and Delay, use FlowMonitor.

Enable FlowMonitor for Traffic Analysis

#include “ns3/flow-monitor-module.h”

FlowMonitorHelper flowmon;

Ptr<FlowMonitor> monitor = flowmon.InstallAll();

Simulator::Stop(Seconds(10.0));

Simulator::Run();

monitor->SerializeToXmlFile(“tora_results.xml”, true, true);

Simulator::Destroy();

6. Extend with VANET Simulation

Aimed at VANET applications modify the mobility model to use the SUMO or NS3’s Vehicle Mobility Model.

Example: Implementing TORA in VANET

mobility.SetMobilityModel(“ns3::SteadyStateRandomWaypointMobilityModel”,

“MinSpeed”, DoubleValue(5.0),

“MaxSpeed”, DoubleValue(30.0),

“Bounds”, RectangleValue(Rectangle(-500, 500, -500, 500)));

mobility.Install(nodes);

7. Advantages of TORA Routing

✅ Highly Adaptive: Appropriate for modify the network topologies such as MANETs and VANETs.

✅ Loop-Free Routing: Utilized the DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph) method.

✅ Multi-Path Routing: Increases for fault tolerance and load balancing.

In the end, we had explored the basic implementation process on how to execute the Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm that was mostly used in MANET environment. If you need additional information regarding the TORA we will provide the additional document.